Memorial Day Reflections: Why the Military Prefers a Mercenary Army
By Paul Street at May 28, 2007 |
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- The imperialist nature of the U.S. occupation of Iraq.
- The class nature of who “serves” and who doesn't in the war on Iraq.
- The mercenary nature of the U.S. armed forces.
- The inability of most Americans to wrap their minds around the reality of what's happening to American GIs during and after deployment to Iraq.
Why does the U.S. military rely on a mercenary (“volunteer”) army of mostly working-class soldiers and not on a compulsory national draft? As Noam Chomsky observed in explaining why he doubted that Bush administration planners would call for a draft in response to the deepening quagmire in Iraq in December 2004:
“The military command, and the civilian leadership, learned an important lesson in Vietnam: you can't expect a citizen's army to fight a vicious, brutal colonial war. Their predecessors knew that. The British, French, etc., provided the officer corps, special forces, and professional military, but relied on the Foreign Legion, Ghurkas, Indian troops, and other mercenaries. That's standard. The US made a serious tactical error in this regard in Vietnam -- though it had plenty of mercenaries too: South Korean, Thai, and others. In Iraq, the US is using what amounts to a mercenary army of the disadvantaged, and the second largest military force is the ‘private' companies made up of ex-military officers, South African killers, etc.”
“In Vietnam, the army collapsed from within: drugs, killing officers, etc. Citizens are not trained killers, and they are not sufficiently dissociated from the civilian culture at home to fight colonial wars properly. The top brass wanted the army out, before it fell apart. And the civilian leadership agreed”.
Chomsky elaborated on these comments in his 2005 interview book Imperial Ambitions (Chomsky and David Barsamian [New York, 2005, pp. 133-134):
“A citizens' army has ties to the civilian culture. In the late 1960s, for example, during the Vietnam War, a kind of rebellious culture in many respects and civilizing culture in many respects spilled over into the military, and it helped undermine the military, which is a very good thing. That's why no imperial power has used the citizens' army to fight an imperial war. If you take a look at the British in India, the French in West Africa, or South Africans in Angola, they essentially relied on mercenaries,which makes sense. Mercenaries are trained killers, but people who are too close to civilian society are not really going to be good at killing people.”
Ruling class preference for the use of professional, non- citizen soldiers (both public and private) to enforce global empire lay behind the fact that so many ordinary Americans are experientially removed from the realities of the Iraq invasion. That preference produces a de facto mercenary army, composed of a separate class or stratum of people for whom preparation for and execution of war is a distinct way of life and a source of material support.
U.S. reliance on a mercenary army helps explain the civilian-military chasm that becomes so painfully evident to U.S. GIs when they return from Iraq.
These are things worth thinking about on Memorial Day. Millions of Americans will make passing reference to the nation's “fallen heroes” today. They will enjoy barbecues and beer in the company of friends and family. They will eat off paper plates colored red, white and blue. They will drink out of cups marked by stars and stripes. They will say nice things about the military, which enjoys a highly esteemed position in national opinion polls.
And then most good Americans will proceed to continue essentially ignoring the fact that American GIs are dying and killing (U.S. forces are doing more of the latter) in an illegal, immoral, brazenly imperialist, and inherently mass-murderous occupation that has nothing to do with spreading “democracy” and everything to do with U.S. control of Middle Eastern oil resources.
Americans might express antiwar opinions to opinion pollsters but the ugly truth is that proportionately few civilian Americans could care less about (a) the war; (b) the GIs fighting and dying in it; or (c) the hundreds of thousands of Iraqis who have perished prematurely because of "Occupation Iraqi Freedom" (OIF).
The war is simply not a big concern to most Americans. We don't have anything to do with it and we don't want to.
The leading domestic price of Washington's criminal oil imperialism is heaped on the shoulders of politically marginal working- and lower-class others. The Iraq War is their problem.
We've got our own lives and needs and dreams to preoccupy us, along with “American Idol” and “Desperate Housewives.” We claim otherwise but we really don't give a damn. The people who get sucked into the deadly execution of our bloody foreign policy tend to come from the other side of the tracks.
In the spring of 2003 a professor I know at Northern Illinois University asked her 120-student U.S. History survey class how many of them supported Bush's imminent invasion of Iraq. One hundred hands went up. Then she asked how many of them would be willing to fight in the war on Iraq. One hand stayed up; it was a ROTC kid.
“Go troops, we love you!”
“Gee, sorry about those haunting images, suicidal thoughts, ruined marriages and missing limbs. Sorry, we don't have any extra change today. We're not willing to pay taxes to fund the VA properly. We're heading to Europe this summer and the airline tickets are murder thanks to these horrible gas prices.”
“Thanks for your service. You're doing a lot for the country. Feel your pain. Gotta go."
"Good luck with that post-traumatic stress syndrome. You seem angry.”
This is how the War Masters want it. There is conscious "elite" policy behind this civilian-military disconnect.
And there's a reason they are not asking most of us to “sacrifice” for the war. Beneath grandiose White House claims of defending “civilization” from “barbarism,” OIF is a dirty colonial war the power “elite” understandably wishes to keep as separate as possible from normal civilian experience.
If we must have a military, it should be based on a citizen's draft. It should be a citizen's army, something that would make it much more difficult for warmongers like Bush and Cheney to launch criminal adventures like the invasion of Iraq in the first place.
“You can't expect a citizen's army to fight a vicious, brutal colonial war.”




Interesting comparisons,
By Kissenger, Clark at Jun 05, 2007 00:22 AM
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Thanks for the interesting
By Kissenger, Clark at Jun 04, 2007 22:10 PM
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Damn french, can't live with
By Kissenger, Clark at Jun 04, 2007 21:34 PM
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Another for SK
By Kissenger, Clark at Jun 04, 2007 18:14 PM
SK:
Here are two more for you (esp. the first), about the new regime in France:
David Peterson
Chicago, USA
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Many of these broadsides are
By Kissenger, Clark at Jun 03, 2007 15:56 PM
assailed by hysterical outbursts from the Tartuffes, perched on their mass media pulpit, so memorably described by Ross.
btw, I just read a neat account of how the young leadership of Conservatives in UK, as part of it's efforts at rebranding the party is holding panels on ‘International Women's Human Rights' and is involved in the seemingly non-partisan campaign for ‘raising awareness of sex trafficking'. Even some high minded feminists have been co-opted into the latter crusade which, incidentally, upon closer inspection turns out to be not so simple a matter after all.
At least, we won't have to suffer sermons from A.M. Rosenthal any more on female circumcision in parts of Africa, "his pet peeve" which he'd take out for "an annual saunter" while pooh-poohing massacres carried out by favored states.
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Yes, why can't we answer
By Kissenger, Clark at May 31, 2007 13:54 PM
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UN 1757
By Kissenger, Clark at May 31, 2007 10:18 AM
SK:
UN Security Council Resolution 1757, which, by a vote of 10 - 0 - 5 abstentions (including China and Russia), has just created a Special Tribunal for Lebanon, was adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations! My god. Yet another Kangaroo Court organized under the auspices of the UN Security Council -- as proven by the fact that the only tribunals permitted to come into being via the Council are either those that are integral to American Power or those that are entirely irrelevant to it -- but never those that run at cross-purposes with it.
And what did the brightest stars in the firmament of the new French Government have to say about it?The so-called international community is an expert at placing impunity over justice.
How many suckers does it take to empower one of these tribunals?
More than anything, the Security Council -- and much of the UN's most public activities -- is an organ for the prosecution of American policy. -- And all its advocates can see is the triumph of justice over impunity!
David Peterson
Chicago, USA
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Your observation about how "non-violent" protestors collaborated
By Kissenger, Clark at May 31, 2007 04:46 AM
"Property before people, it seems -- or at least the equation of property to people -- is a value by no means restricted to America's boardrooms. And the sanctimony with which such putrid sentiments are enunciated turns out to be nauseatingly similar, whether mouthed by the CEO of Standard Oil or any of the swarm of comfort zone "pacifists" queuing up to condemn the black bloc after it ever so slightly disturbed the functioning of business-as-usual in Seattle."
I understand this pessimism, this fatalistic attitude, I feel it too. That's the beauty of the system. Not only does it annihalate the instinctive natural urge to resist, and creates apathy in its place, in some cases it transforms it into exactly the opposite, the willingness to support the system. Once in Montreal, I went to a peaceful political event with my brother organized by the International Solidarity Movement (ISM) and the Solidarity for Palestinian Human Rights (SPHR). It was about child political prisoners in Palestine, but also about political prisoners everywhere, featuring spoken word, poetry, various speakers, music, recorded statements from political prisoners (one of which was Mumia Abu Jamal), etc. Anyways, the event was unceremoniously interrupted by police storming the venue and arresting the lead organizer. Of course, all hell broke loose as we all tried to prevent the police while they were beating us back with sticks, closing off the roads, ets, etc. As I was walking home with my brother, we were discussing what was happening, and he even felt this pessimism (and he is very active in things like this), and he said that, "the worst thing is you don't really know who to blame: you can't blame the white people because there were more white people (than any other ethnic group) at the event getting beaten up by the police, you can't blame the police because in a way they were just doing their jobs, you can't blame the rich people, because they don't even know that they're part of the system and most of the rich are unhappy anyways. That's the genius of the system. That's what all the statements that we heard from political prisoners kept pointing to: "It's the system, the system, the system..." But the enormity of trying to fight against this abstraction, this thing that you can't really point your gun at and say "this is it", is overwhelming. Perhaps that's why black people in America are not on the offensive...It doesn't excuse them of course...Because I always thought if there was ever going to be an uprising against the system, it would come from the African American community, given their long history of oppression. Where are the Martin Luther Kings and Malcolm X's. Instead we have abominations like Colin Powell and Condaleeza Rice!!!
My point is this: why is it that in the Third World, where we don't democratically elect our leaders, where we are living under constant economic exploitation from the West, and political oppression, and violent conflict, where we are deprived of most of the luxuries and privileges of the free world, like education, free speech, etc...people are still able to rise up and resist, but most importantly, to endure? Look at the palestinians, they have a word for it "Summoud". It means perseverance, steadfastness. Look at Iraq and Afgahnistan, where the world's greatest military is proving to be ineffectual against the massive armed resistance. I'm not just talking about the Arab and Muslim world. Take Latin America for example, which has seen more oppression and destruction than anything inflicted on the Middle East so far. And yet, the Chilean people were still able to overthrow almost 20 years of Pinochet's repressive regime. Cuba has suffered 50 years of a U.S-imposed embargo and sanctions, but still managed to create a healthcare and social system that is the best in the Carribean, and indeed the Third World, with infant mortality rates as low as that of the West. Venezuela is rapidly becoming the socialist model that Latin American nations are emulating...Those people were able to do it, and they were up against almost unbeatable odds, so why can't the people of the U.S do it, where democracy is written in the Constitution, where every American knows the dictum "One person, one vote" "No taxation without representation" etc...In fact, if anything, people living in the West are better situated to affect meaningful, grass-roots level change, from the bottom up. Instead I see the Canadians electing Harper into power, the French electing Sarkozy, etc, etc...I mean after all that has happened post-Iraq, shouldn't it be the other way round?
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Destroying property
By Kissenger, Clark at May 31, 2007 00:23 AM
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Upping the stakes
By Kissenger, Clark at May 30, 2007 19:51 PM
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Response to Keir
By Kissenger, Clark at May 30, 2007 11:58 AM
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Yet Another Thing ....
By Kissenger, Clark at May 30, 2007 11:09 AM
SK:
FYI: "'Re-Arming' Europe," Pascal Bruckner, Wall Street Journal, May 30, 2007. -- Don't miss the accompanying photo, which shows the new French President Nicolas Sarkozy shaking hands with his new Foreign Minister, Bernard Kouchner, a man who has done more damage to the integrity of humanitarianism in this world perhaps than any other.
No telling how long this one will be accessible.
Also, in case you're interested, take a look at "Morality's Avenging Angels: The New Humanitarian Crusaders."
Moral Tartuffery abounds.
David Peterson
Chicago, USA
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One More Thing ....
By Kissenger, Clark at May 30, 2007 02:34 AM
SK:
One other thing about "Ethics and the Rearmament of Imperialism: The French Case" (Kristin Ross, New York University, 2005):I've long used the phrase 'Moral Tartuffe' (which actually derives from Nietzsche) to describe the kind of intellectual performers that Kristin Ross is writing about. As when she mentions that "In certain cases, notably that of Bernard-Henry Levy, political errors of the past had to first be invented in order to be later confessed" (n. 6). Or when she mentions that, "During the U.S. invasion of Iraq, they were uncharacteristically loud in proclaiming their fraternal alliance with the United States," and then described "Their stance [as] that of solitary, isolated, dissident men of justice, bone-weary from being forced to lead the battle for liberty and modernity…" (n. 9).
My goodness. -- Have you ever caught Michael Ignatieff's act on this side of the Atlantic?Or how about Christopher Hitchens'? (--->)
David Peterson
Chicago, USA
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sacrifices
By Kissenger, Clark at May 29, 2007 21:44 PM
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AP coverage of Andy Card protest
By Kissenger, Clark at May 29, 2007 12:02 PM
Thank you sk for the you tube footage. That must be an advanced campus. In the AP write up on Andy Card's little ceremony, the anonymous reporter says "the protests were mainly contained to an area in the back of the campus arena."
Gee that's not really how it seems on the video.
Then the AP quotes "Daniel Ball, a political independent who received a doctoral degree in industrial engineering," who "said he wouldn't judge whether Card should be given the degree. He thought the protesters were out of line. 'I'm definitely the minority here,' Ball said. 'But it turned into a circus, outside, inside, and it was a disappointment.'"
No, it wasn't a "a circus." It was an honest collective expression of disgust at a vicious war criminal and what he represents
No thoughtful reflections from any of the protesters.
This is standard power-serving procedure in dominant "news" media.
I've been at a few commencements that were poisoned by academic administrators' insistence on insulting graduates by giving honorary degrees and/or speaking time to vicious bastards from the power elite. Last May I was at Grinnell College where some good friends were getting their bachelor's degrees and we had to sit through then Iowa Governor Tom Vilsack making a transparent presidential campaign speech about the need to "hunt down and if necessary kill" people who "threaten America." This was not what students and parents really wanted to listen to after four years of intense study and obscene tuition bills. Vilsack didn't get boos from students but he did get stony silence from most of them. They sat on their hands and ignored him by and large, which was nice.
I've had enough lectures from the French - and a few Canadians too --- over the years.
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Reply to "Incidentally, I've just" (2007-05-29)
By Kissenger, Clark at May 29, 2007 10:57 AM
SK:
Thanks -- as always:
Honestly don't know whether the collapse of the Left is worse in France than in the States. (Or among the U.S. - U.K. - Canada - Australia - Israel axis, taken as a whole.)
Though the Levy-Kouchner-types make fine bedfellows for Nicolas Sarkozy, I for one find it hard to believe that the Left's collapse in the States can be topped.
But the bottom-line is, if you want to kill, it'll sell better if you kill for a moral cause, than simply to rob somebody's oil.
David Peterson
Chicago, USA
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Incidentally, I've just
By Kissenger, Clark at May 29, 2007 08:58 AM
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Reply to "At least one neocon" (2007-05-29)
By Kissenger, Clark at May 29, 2007 08:37 AM
SK:
To be sure. -- And at least the anti-Andrew Card protestors were 100 percent more on target that some "Save Darfur" business would have been.
David Peterson
Chicago, USA
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At least one neocon
By Kissenger, Clark at May 29, 2007 02:46 AM
of a citizens' army--even if, like the rest of his personality type cohort, his head is congenitally encased in concrete.
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