Mexico's Indignados Have Had It

On September 5, Mexican President Felipe Calderon gave the fifth state of the nation speech since his (many say fraudulent) election in 2006. He didn’t have an easy time finding a positive spin for the escalating toll exacted by his war on drug gangs—50,000 dead, mostly innocent civilians, in the last 5 years. Making his job even more difficult, days earlier, 52 people, mostly working women and retirees on their lunch hour, were burned to death in a fire at a Monterrey casino set by the Zetas—one of Mexico’s most powerful and violent drug cartels. Since then, Mexican newspapers have exposed a web of corruption linking businesspeople, narcos, and politicians from Calderon’s own party.

Mexican casinos don’t attract the wealthy who congregate instead in Mexico City’s rich neighborhoods filled with glittering restaurants and shiny Hummers, patrolled by bodyguards to prevent the frequent kidnappings. Casinos are the refuge of Mexico’s working poor who hope a miracle of luck will pull them from the abyss of falling incomes and disappearing jobs.

That truth didn’t make it into Calderon’s improbably rosy assessment. But it did bring over 50,000 Mexicans into the capital’s main square, the zocalo, where they publicly ridiculed the gulf between his speech and their reality. Humberto Montes de Oca, international secretary of the Mexican Electrical Workers Union (SME), denounced Calderon for “trying to justify what he’s done to the country. The people gathered here,” he declared, “are the ones who’ve suffered under him. We know the way things really are. You can see the consequences of this terrible government in our lack of security and public safety, and our economy. The truth is that he’s destroying our country.”

The SME has been occupying over half the huge square at the city’s heart since May and they’ve been at war with Calderon since the government fired the union’s 44,000 members in October 2009. The national company that employed them, the Power and Light Company, provided electrical service for central Mexico where a majority of the population lives. Calderon dissolved it by executive fiat, and brought in soldiers and police to expel the workers from the generating stations.

Successive governments have sought to privatize the electrical grid, although such a move is barred by the Mexican Constitution. The union repeatedly mobilized hundreds of thousands of city residents and prevented it, at least until October. Once the company was dissolved, the government declared the union non-existent (a decision later overturned by the courts, but ignored by Calderon). Over the last two years, this fight over the privatization of electricity and the smashing of one of Mexico’s oldest and most democratic unions, has become a symbol of the Administration’s war on unions.

Other unions have also felt the government’s wrath and came to protest in the zocalo. One was the Mexican miners’ union. In Cananea, a tiny mountain town south of Arizona with one of the world’s largest copper mines, miners had been on strike for four years. The mine’s owner, Grupo Mexico, belongs to the Larrea family, political allies of Calderon who contributed heavily to his election. This year he repaid the debt. In the face of court decisions upholding the workers’ right to strike, the government brought heavily armed police into Cananea and reopened the struck mine.

Hundreds of ex-employees of the country’s national airline, Mexicana, joined miners and electrical workers as they marched to the zocalo. This year the Administration forced the company into bankruptcy and thousands of pilots, stewards, and ground crew members suddenly found themselves out on the street. Their union charged that the bankruptcy was a sham. Instead, they say, Calderon’s cronies stood to gain from the airline’s eventual privatization. Meanwhile, the wealthy families who own Mexico’s mushrooming private airline industry won the removal of their biggest competitor at the cost of thousands of jobs.

The hundred organizations that cooperated in organizing the zocalo protest called their rally the National Day of Indignant Mexicans. Their purpose was to present an alternative to the official picture painted by Calderon and to call for a different direction for the country. They charged that in 5 years, the number of Mexicans in poverty has grown by 10 million, that working income has dropped by a third, and that 3 million more people find themselves jobless. The crisis has hit especially hard at young people, who are the fastest growing segment of the population. Seven million of them can’t find work and have no money to go to school.

Calderon’s policies, which have produced these results, are part of a program of economic liberalization opening Mexico to private, domestic, and especially foreign capital. Former Mexico City Mayor Manuel Lopez Obrador, who ran against Calderon five years ago, says these reforms have been “imposed on Mexico from outside over the last two decades, including labor law reform, energy reform, fiscal reform and education reform.” By outside, Lopez Obrador means from the U.S. In the wake of the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, Mexico underwent a terrible economic crisis in which it lost a million jobs in a single year. The Clinton administration bailed out the government and its bondholders. In the end, Mexico lost its financial system to Wall Street and London banks. Since then, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have indirectly written Mexico’s economic policies.

“At the same time,” Lopez Obrador charges, “the fight against inequality and poverty is not on the national agenda.” In 2010, according to the Monterrey Institute of Technology, Mexico had 53 million people living in poverty. Half the country’s population lives in poverty and almost 20 percent in extreme poverty. Some estimate that there are more workers in the economy’s informal sector than in the formal one. Even for those working, according to the Bank of Mexico, 95 percent of the 800,000 jobs created in 2010 paid only $10 a day. Yet, in a Tijuana or Juarez supermarket, a gallon of milk can cost even more than it would in the U.S.

In a recent diplomatic cable published by Wikileaks, the U.S. government admitted, “The net wealth of the 10 richest people in Mexico—a country where more than 40 percent of the population lives in poverty—represents roughly 10 percent of the country’s gross domestic product.” Carlos Slim became the world’s richest person when a previous president, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, privatized the national telephone company and sold it to him. Ricardo Salinas Pliego, who owns TV Azteca, is now worth $8 billion and Emilio Azcárraga Jean, who owns Televisa, is worth $2.3 billion. Both helped Calderon get elected in 2006.

This is what the zocalo protestors want to change and why they call themselves “indignant Mexicans.” Next July that chance will come again, as the country goes to the polls to elect a new president. The constitution prohibits reelection, but Calderon’s National Action Party will undoubtedly nominate a candidate who will defend the government’s record and call for more of the same. Mexico’s old ruler, the Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) has the support of many wealthy interests who have abandoned Calderon and is growing stronger after a decade in the political wilderness. It criticizes the president, but in practice, its representatives in the Chamber of Deputies and Senate vote for the same policies.

Lopez Obrador has fought with Mexico City’s current mayor Marcel Ebrard and other factions in the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), over both his own future candidacy and his total rejection of the government’s policies and direction. Every week he travels across Mexico, holding rallies in town after town, building a political coalition he insists isn’t a new party, but could be an electoral base for change.

 In the zocalo, Lopez Obrador had a lot of support, but many unions and popular organizations don’t want to simply collapse into campaigning for a political party or its candidates. According to Montes de Oca, “We’re in a building process. We’re trying to speed that up, but we also need to consolidate our base and make it broader. What we really need is a social movement strong enough to force a change.”

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David Bacon is a freelance writer, author, and photographer. Photo 1: a fired electrical worker. Photo 2: tombstones memorializing victims of repression and violence. Photo 3: veterans of Mexico's social upheavals. Photo 4: protestors fill the zocalo to listen to speakers condemn the government. Photo 5: "No Blood, No Hunger." Photo 6: striking miners from Cananea. Photo 7: Angry farmers protest corn dumping by U.S. companies. Photo 8: unemployed workers from Mexicana Airlines. This photo essay first appeared on Truthout.org. P PhotoPhoto 1PPPPPP