Official Definitions of Terrorism
By Noam Chomsky at Feb 02, 2006 |
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[Editorial Note:] The US Code for defining an "act of terrorism" is an activity that -- (A) involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life that is a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any State, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State; and (B) appears to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping.[End Note]
Two points. First, I've been using this and other official US definitions since I began writing on the topic in the early 80s, immediately after the Reaganites declared their war on terror.
For two reasons: (1) they are reasonable and close to common usage, and (2) they are appropriate, because the government that offers these definitions cannot claim that it is exempt from their consequences. Second point is that later this definition has been withdrawn, presumably because it was recognized that an immediate consequence is that the US is a leading terrorist state. Though it is safe to rely on the intellectual class not to draw the conclusion, nevertheless there are always mavericks who tell irritating truths, and sometimes the usual techniques of lying, hysteria, tantrums, etc., do not suffice among the general public, even though they almost invariably do among the educated classes. For that reason, the standard view now is that defining "terrorism" is a profound problem, to be dealt with in international conferences, academic studies, etc. And it's true that it is a very hard problem to define "terrorism" so that it singles out what they do to us and our clients, but excludes what we and our clients do to them -- a problem so far not solved and very profound, no doubt...
...The basic question about any such definition is whether it is universal, or whether it is designed to exclude some favored entity (state, group, whatever). If it isn't, then it can't be taken seriously. For any definition, the most important questions, I think, seem to me to lie elsewhere: in the distinction between terror and the much more serious crime of aggression, and the distinction between terror and legitimate resistance. I've discussed these frequently, most recently in a talk a week ago for Amnesty International in Dublin, which was posted on Znet (I think). As discussed there, we are really bending over backwards to give the present incumbents in Washington the benefit of the doubt when we consider, say, their war against Nicaragua as just extreme international terrorism. It fits the definition of aggression very precisely -- that is, the crime for which Nazi war criminals were hanged at Nuremberg, with passionate declarations that the same principles will apply to ourselves. Similar interesting issues about terror and resistance, almost always suppressed in the self-declared "enlightened states."






History Lesson
By Secret, Language at Apr 01, 2007 03:42 AM
I happen to agree with you re: appologism, however surely you're not suggesting that Mr. Chomsky be denied his right to state his opinions on the Sunni/Shia struggle?
History used to be written by the victors, but in the present day if the victors are not 'World Powers' then they have little control over how the future will view them. History is now written on the web for all to see.
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Martin Ingram Aka Ian Hurst is a liar
By Grantham, Jack at Oct 23, 2006 06:33 AM
Martin Ingram Aka Ian Hurst represents British attitudes of the Irish.He is a mouthpiece for the Brish Ruling Class.
"In a calculated blow, Diana went on to suggest Charles was not fit to be king and that her son, Prince William, should carry on the succession after Queen Elizabeth II's death.
A Machiavelian struggle for political influence began, with sections of the ruling class and the media stoking up the conflict between the Windsors and the Spencers to strengthen their own political standing.
The erosion of all the institutions through which some form of popular control was exerted over the ruling elite, the narrow base of official politics, pose grave dangers to the democratic rights of the working class. The type of skullduggery exposed in the palace is the expression of a diseased social order. It should not be seen as the exception, but the rule. There is no reason to believe that the rest of Britain's ruling elite will prove any less willing than the Windsors and the Spencers to employ whatever means are deemed necessary in order to preserve their own privileged existence."
More news at http://www.jackgrantham.blogspot.com/
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Martin Ingram aka Ian Hurst is a liar
By Grantham, Jack at Sep 24, 2006 06:46 AM
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Martin Ingram aka Ian Hurst is a liar
By Grantham, Jack at Sep 24, 2006 06:42 AM
Martin Ingram aka Ian Hurst is a liar
The person who calls himself Martin ingram but is in fact ex Int Corps SSgt Ian Hurst (known as rocky) is a liar of the highest order. His book STEAKNIFE is almost complete fiction, as are his assertions that Martin McGUINNESS was an agent of the state. He is dementedly lying completely about his past service in FRU. He only ever served in sleepy backwaters of the Province and never came face to face with anyone except low level eyes and ears agents. He never ran STEAKNIFE or even met him. In short, his book is a complete fabrication based on god knows what. He endangers the lives of serving and former soldiers as well as civillians with his ridiculous fairy tales. Hopefull he will appear in court at some of the current inquiries and investigations so he can be shown to be the liar he really is.
This news comes from http://ingramis.blogspot.com/
And more news at http://jackgrantham.blogspot.com/
This is not off topic
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HONORABLE THIRST
By Kissenger, Clark at Jun 03, 2006 01:11 AM
Shine light down on them equally, a white hotness!
You are thirsty; laden with the soul's strained lumber
And filled with dread and death soaked in the ache of living.
O! Cry out rain of fortune! Cry out from thy staggered torrent
And pitiable veil of bereavement! I am thy mourning cradle!
I am thy tongueless teacher pacing the cave of thy day
And wrestling thy fragile soul in your hours of darkness!
O! Bring thy beautiful shores and thy hope's guiding light
Douse them with the flame of thy shelled out yearning!
Be thy hungry? Feast upon the bomb-wrapped soul of thy enemy
Nurture thy pangs with the blood of fellow man in a gentle manner.
Soak your tears upon the moist cloth of mankind.
Wrap thy arms around her and carry her to your bed
Where thou can dream of perfection and stained expectation
Only to be shaken wide-eyed by thy dreams of slaughter
And finally see that, indeed, both cravings, both aspirations
Might so effortlessly stroke one another in madness.
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Who is indoctrinated?
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 08, 2006 20:32 PM
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US Terrorism
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 08, 2006 08:20 AM
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Terrorists deliberately
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 08, 2006 00:02 AM
Chomsky has gone much further into the issue of the Nicaragua war and has elaborated upon his stances on it in much greater detail in other places. I suggest you gather all of the materials which pertain to these matters and read them over before you so quickly pass judgment on Chomsky's conclusions. When you do so, you will find that you will have to seriously reconsider the second sentence of the passage I quote from you.
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Chomsky's anti-U.S. propaganda
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 07, 2006 23:24 PM
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Cyrano,I thought people
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 07, 2006 00:36 AM
Cyrano,
I thought people would realize I was being sarcastic. The comment I made was inspired by reading Chomsky's thoughts on intellectual property, here.
I had failed to mention that I noted the US as being proponents of one-way trade liberalization with countries in Africa and the like.
Ah well.
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They fired on muslim neighborhoods..
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 06, 2006 10:22 AM
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UN Attempt to Define Terrorism
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 06, 2006 05:01 AM
Cyrano, no not really. The UN has a proposed definition, which in my understanding isn't binding.
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html
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Cyranoo
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 06, 2006 02:30 AM
Just an FYI....I am not providing disinformation. I am who I am and who are you?
Because ZNET is renovating its site I was unable to post under my other name and could not discover how to recover the old password. Nothing there darling.
The US didn't invade Lebanon. Just FYI. The US attacked Lebanon and had personnel here but they never "invaded" Lebanon. They fired on muslim neighborhoods (from warships) at the behest of their Xtian backed Phalangist party and were held responsible for their actions (including their so-called promise to protect the PLO, as if those butchers required protection). Nothing more and nothing less. The origin of Hezbollah is the ISRAELI invasion and OCCUPATION. Fust FYI. When the Israelis first entered Lebanon they entered in a rain of rice, as if in a wedding but things soon went astray....as anyone could guess that they would. No disinformation though..these are simply historical facts you can obtain in the most rudimentary of history books about the Middle East.
http://carmenisacat.blogspot.com/
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So we set the dogs loose to
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 05, 2006 07:42 AM
I really don't see anything mysterious about such a thing at all. The reason most people accept with fanatical fortitude such principles can be summed up in one phrase - psychological operations. PsyOps can and is inflicted on people culturally from birth and/or later in in the form of scientifically applied methods designed to sway and change the behavior of entire societies. When a human is battered daily with certain concepts which are either negatively or positively reinforced through their parents, schools, friends, government, and media for the whole of their lives, anything can become Truth. It's not that people are taught not to think or make rational decisions, but that they are taught to do so ONLY within the confines of certain perceived truths, building upon what already has been placed as foundations.
It's ok if you question and analyze various forms of democracy - just don't question democracy itself. It's ok if you question certain interpretations of the US Constitution - just don't question the value of the Constitution itself. It's ok if you question various takes on evolution - just don't question evolution itself. It's ok if you criticize and question various forms of free market liberalization - just don't question the concept of free market liberalization itself. You get the drift here.
Humans are social creatures. We need the comfort and security of the herd. So if one starts posing the wrong questions, one can find oneself in deep, deep dodo vary fast - even with friends and family and colleagues. On the other hand, if ones praises such foundations even while questioning all things built upon those foundations, one is subject to very warm fuzzies from from everyone, and even encouraged to keep up the "radical and independent" thought.
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So we set the dogs loose to
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 05, 2006 06:03 AM
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Victor raises an important
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 05, 2006 04:42 AM
I have to say that when people want to push market freedom, I am thoughtfully reminded of an analogy. If my friend Bush and I are walking our dogs past a butcher's shop and we come across a discarded, but very juicy bone, we both know that only one of the dogs has a chance at this. My dog is fox terrier, quirky, energetic, smart, and quite independent. Bush's is a pit bull - well, need I say more? My good friend Bush convinces me that market freedom is the way to settle this minor dispute, and as I owe his friends a considerable amount of money, I naturally agree to his terms.
So we set the dogs loose to settle it between themselves as to who should take possession of the bone. Bush's dog proceeds to take my dog apart, and after he is finished walks calmly away with the fruits of his labor. Once again, market freedom has won - neither Bush nor I influenced our dogs in any manner. Each dog had full freedom to go after the bone. I could have pulled my gun and shot his bloody dog in the leg, but I didn't, though I deeply suspect that had my dog by some miracle gained an advantage over his, he would have shot mine dead before he could claim his reward.
There is no market freedom when strength goes against weakness, when rich go against poor, when the Law of the Jungle prevails. And that is precisely what Capitalism is all about - not the advancement of social order and enlightened civilisation, but instead the irrational and uncontrolled accumulation of capital in a world where the strong and the rich take all, and the rest of us are left to our ideals.
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Victor raises an important
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 05, 2006 02:57 AM
I agree. If I recall correctly, Milton Friedman claims that a free-market is the most libertarian of all of the modes of societal organization because there exists no mechanism for coercion within it. However, Friedman builds his case on a very narrow definition of "coercion," namely that which limits our awareness of coercion to instances of physical force. A wealthy man's ability to inflict privation upon a poor man gives the former leverage over the latter. In light of that, it is indisputable that deprivation can act in a coercive capacity just as effectively as violence. In fact, it is the prime modus operandi by which the market forces everyone to integrate themselves into itself. Right-wing "libertarians," when presented with these observations, will usually scoff at how we understand coercion and will protest at our elucidating it in such a broad fashion (Ludwig von Mises would have probably claimed that we're just "jealous" of those most empowered :P). In issuing a rejoinder to their complaints, one needs only to point to their past condemnations of the artificially-induced famines Stalin utilized to silence anti-Stalinist sentiment.
(This is the same message as that which appears above with the exception of a few corrected typos. The "edit" function isn't working for me and I'm a little compulsive about mistakes I make when I write. Please forgive me.)
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Victor raises an important
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 05, 2006 00:04 AM
I agree. If I recall correctly, Milton Friedman claims that a free-market is the most libertarian of all of the modes of societal organization because there exists no mechanism for coercion within it. However, Friedman builds his case on a very narrow definition of "coercion," namely that which limits our awareness of coercion to instances of physical force. A wealthy man's ability to inflict privation upon a poor man gives the former leverage over that latter. In light of that, it is indisputable that deprivation can act in a coercive capacity just as effectively as violence. In fact, it is the prime modus operandi by which the market forces everyone to integrate themselves into it. Right-wing "libertarians," when presented with these observations, will usually scoff at how we understand coercion and will protest at our elucidating it in such a broad fashion (Ludwig von Mises would have probably claimed that we're just "jealous" of those most empowered :P). In issuing a rejoinder to their complaints, one needs only to point to their past condemnations of the artificially induced famines Stalin utilized to silence anti-Stalinist sentiment.
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sanctions
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 04, 2006 18:09 PM
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Boolean errors and Economic Terrorism
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 04, 2006 12:59 PM
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True Terrorism
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 04, 2006 04:07 AM
I would agree with Mr Chomsky's definition of terrorism with an added dimension to consider. We usually think of terrorism in terms of violence and harm to human life. But I believe that there exists also intense military, political, and economic acts designed to intimidate and influence a population or a government.
There are countries all over the world whose governments and peoples are shackled by economic forces driving them to hunger, poverty, disease, lack of education, privatisation of social services, privatisation of national assets, unfair trade restrictions, and crushing debt. This is what terrorism is all about. Forcing people into economic slavery through debt, forced market "liberalisation", and always a veiled threat of military/police action if behavior is not satisfactory. This is true terrorism, the very worst kind of terrorism - the kind that robs people of their dignity and freedom of choice, takes away their homes and livelihoods, drives them into poverty and starvation, leaves them without adequate medical care, drains their countries of its wealth and natural resources, pollutes their skies and rivers, destroys their forests and wildlife, threatens their families with midnight raids by secret death squads trained, financed and equipped by the CIA and like organisations that kill, rape and torture.
This is true terrorism by anyone's account, leaving people to live in fear of the next day.
And who is responsible for all this misery? Who are the REAL terrorists? Look no further than the greedy G-8 and its premier leading light, the USA.
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A "And" B
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 03, 2006 21:40 PM
Pangaea, note that the Boolean operator used in the definition Chomsky provides is not "or," but "and." This means that both criteria must be fulfilled, so each one’s scope is qualified by the other. Drunk driving may be consistent with criterion A, but since actions deemed to be terror are not simply all of those actions that meet criterion A, but instead a subset of A which also meets B, drunk driving cannot be classified as being a terrorist act.
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re : I suppose
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 03, 2006 15:38 PM
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Facts and Denial
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 03, 2006 10:11 AM
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re : out of context
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 03, 2006 07:36 AM
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re: Apologism and its Aftermaths
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 03, 2006 07:01 AM
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Mind Boggling Simplicity of Intellectualism and that ilk
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 02, 2006 22:00 PM
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Apologism and its Aftermaths
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 02, 2006 21:53 PM
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Out of Contexts
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 02, 2006 21:30 PM
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I suppose.
By Kissenger, Clark at Feb 02, 2006 20:22 PM
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